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JAN05.TXT
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1990-02-26
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January 1990
PUBLIC LAW ENFORCEMENT/PRIVATE SECURITY:
A NEW PARTNERSHIP?
By
Terrence J. Mangan
and
Michael G. Shanahan
As the industrialized nations of the modern world move
deeper into a cultural/technological metamorphosis that has come
to be known as ``the information society,'' institutions are
being inevitably and significantly affected by the
transformation. Nowhere is this more evident than in the field
of law enforcement.
Since the late 1960s, American law enforcement has passed
through major changes that are not only healthy but also
irreversible. Changes over the past two decades, besides leading
to dramatically higher salaries and benefits for law enforcement
personnel, have produced law enforcement agency accreditation
standards, the use of highly sophisticated technology, and
probably most important of all, an air of professionalism. This
professionalism is especially visible in the area of policy
setting.
Gone is the stereotype that police are the guarantors of the
socioeconomic status quo. Today, the police are recognized as
being artful practitioners on the leading edge of major social
issues. As such, police are in the front-line delivery of public
services associated with the mentally ill, the homeless, abused
children, battered spouses, and victims of racial and religious
intolerance.
EVOLVING ISSUES
Through this law enforcement metamorphosis, it is important
to remember a basic premise of organizational ecology:
Organizations are dependent upon and affected by changes and
evolutions in other organizations in their immediate environment
or sphere of influence. This is the case with law enforcement
where private security has emerged as a major player in the
safeguarding of Americans and their property.
In the area of resources alone, the growth of private
security has expanded from what was estimated in 1969 as less
than 300,000 employees in an industry whose national product in
the United States was calculated at $2.5 million (1) to an industry
which has grown to an estimated $18 billion employing close to 2
million people. This is twice the size of public law
enforcement. Moreover, according to a 1984 survey of the
National Institute of Justice, public law enforcement resources
have remained relatively flat, with a significant percentage of
law enforcement agencies showing an effective decline in
personnel, despite growth rates in population and crime. (2)
A number of complex and evolving related trends may be
contributing factors in the explanation for the phenomenal growth
of private security at a time when public law enforcement growth
has stagnated. Such trends as taxpayer revolts, automation,
transferral of functions, stagnant economic growth, terrorism,
inner-city problems, financing of local services, and
immigration/emigration readily come to mind. Regardless of the
possible reasons, the fact remains that private security will
continue to have an impact upon and implications for society, in
general, and public law enforcement, in particular.
Ironically, the emergence of the private security industry
that now numerically and financially far exceeds its public
counterpart occurred without much influence from or interaction
with public police. In fact, until recently, there was a mixture
of disdain and concern that the emergence of private security was
threatening the professionalism of policing. Many officials
complained that the absence of adequate private security
standards was allowing the proponents of private security to
confuse the citizenry that ``rent-a-cops'' were a better bargain
than protective services provided through public law enforcement.
Police have traditionally viewed private security employees
as inadequately trained and ill-paid individuals who could not
find other work but were nevertheless allowed to carry a gun.
Furthermore, because these individuals looked and acted like
police, there was alarm that the private security industry might
even usurp important aspects of public law enforcement and erode
key citizen contacts that bond police officer and citizen in a
common alliance. Those fears have not been realized; however,
this unfortunately widespread view, early on, did much to stifle
potentially mutual and beneficial relationships between law
enforcement and private security.
While the 1960s were characterized as a period of
indifference toward private security, and the 1970s as one of
changing perceptions and some mistrust of the industry, the 1980s
and 1990s will most likely be regarded as the era of
collaboration and joint ventures between public law enforcement
and private security. This is necessitated by the fact that
individual and corporate citizens who are policed by public law
enforcement are also increasingly becoming the clients of private
security.
SCOPE OF PRIVATE SECURITY DUTIES
As pointed out in the 1984 results of a 30-month
descriptive and exploratory research project of the private
security industry, the scope of private security is constantly
changing and goes far beyond the more traditional areas of
``turf'' of local law enforcement agencies. (3) Proprietary or
corporate security encompasses such sophisticated and diverse
concerns as assets protection, loss prevention, countermeasures
for industrial espionage, drug testing in the work environment,
extortion, product tampering, dignitary and facility protection,
and communications security, to name a few examples.
Contract or private security companies also provide guard
and patrol services to business, industry and residential areas;
develop, sell, lease, and monitor simple to sophisticated
communications and alarms systems; provide investigative,
intelligence, and bodyguard equipment and services among other
services. Additionally, a significant amount of the
investigations involving credit card theft and fraud, check
cases, shoplifting, embezzlement, employee theft, computer
hacking, and other criminal enterprises are carried out by
private security. This ``de-policing'' trend has necessitated
new efforts in cooperation between public and private entities,
as well as the growth of new respect and understanding on the
part of both.
COOPERATIVE EFFORTS
Evidence of this collaboration and cooperation between
public law enforcement and private security is increasingly
evident. On two occasions, public law enforcement/private
security ``summits'' have been held in the northwestern United
States, where the Boards of the American Society for Industrial
Security (ASIS), the State Associations of Chiefs of Police
(SACOP), the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), and heads of
Federal, State, and local agencies met on a common agenda with
legislators, academics, and other key players. Moreover, joint
committees have been formed by IACP and ASIS to address common
law enforcement protocols and guidelines. In many of these
endeavors, leadership and coordination have been offered through
the Federal Bureau of Investigation because these law enforcement
and corporate concerns are both national and international in
scope.
Another cooperative effort is occ